A study of the resistance prediction method in level ice

Abstract

A semi-empirical model to predict resistance in level ice is presented. Ice resistance is divided into the three components: crushing, bending, and submersion in this study. The relationship between the indentation energy and kinetic energy is also used to determine the contact area and force for the normal direction. In particular, the crushing and submersion components are calculated from Lindqvist's model, whereas the bending component is calculated from the newly presented formula. The calculated ice resistance results, which vary with ship speed and ice thickness, are compared with the results from other empirical analytical models. Then, the possible applications of the proposed model are discussed.